Over the past 30 years, the geography of agricultural production in Ukraine has undergone profound transformation. While grain and oilseed production in the 1990s was concentrated mainly in the southern and eastern regions, agricultural activity is now gradually shifting toward central, western, and right-bank regions of the country. Climate change, technological development, evolving crop structures, and the impact of war have all contributed to this transition.
One of the main drivers has been climate change. Over recent decades, Ukraine’s average annual temperature has increased by more than 1°C, while rainfall distribution has become increasingly uneven. Southern regions are experiencing more frequent droughts and moisture shortages, whereas western and northern areas are benefiting from improved growing conditions for a broader range of crops. As a result, corn, sunflower, and other heat-loving crops are expanding into regions where cultivation was previously considered risky.
The structure of agricultural production has also changed significantly. Soybeans and rapeseed have recorded the fastest growth, despite occupying only minor areas three decades ago. Meanwhile, some traditional crops, including barley and certain grain varieties, have lost part of their historical importance. Sugar beet, soybeans, and other high-margin crops are increasingly concentrated in central and western Ukraine.
The war has become an additional catalyst for transformation. The temporary occupation of agricultural land, destruction of infrastructure, and changes in logistics routes have forced agribusinesses to reconsider investment strategies and relocate production activities to safer regions. Analysts believe that the growing importance of central and western Ukraine will continue in the coming years, creating a new agricultural map of the country and reshaping traditional farming practices.